The structure and measurement of transformational leadership in China
LI Chaoping    SHI Kan

Abstract
Using an open questionnaire, this paper firstly collects data of a sample of 249 managers and employees from diverse companies. Content analysis reveals that transformational leadership is an eight-dimension construct in China. The Transformational Leadership Questionnaire (TLQ) is then developed in the second study by means of expert discussion. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) of data from a sample of 431 employees shows that transformational leadership is a four-dimension construct in China, including Morale Modeling, Charisma, Articulate Vision and Individual Consideration. The third study further confirms TLQ’s construct validity through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of data from another sample of 440 managers and employees. Internal consistency analyses and hierarchical regression analyses indicate that TLQ has sound reliability and validity.

Source
Li, C. P.& Shi, K., The structure and measurement of transformational leadership in China, Frontiers of Business Research in China, 2008,2(4), 571-590